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Page 2
Worldwide prevalence of pigmentary disorders (excluding vitiligo) in skin of color
| Halder2 | 1980–1983 | 2,550: 78.4% African Americans, 21.6% Caucasian | 9% black; 1.7% white | 3/13 black, 7/10 white | Washington, DC |
| Chua-Ty4 | 1989–1990 | 74,589: 77.2% Chinese, 9.9% Indian, 7.6% Malay, 5.3% Other | 1.8% Chinese, 2.7% Malay, 2.3% Indian, 1.2% other | 10/10 | Singapore |
| Nanda116 | 1992–1996 | 10,000: 88% Kuwaitis, 8% other Arabs, 4% non-Arabs; all children | 0.42% | 33/74 | Kuwait |
| Child117 | 1996 | 461: black (African, Afro-Caribbean, mixed race); 187 children, 274 adults | 1.6% children, 3.4% adults | 8/14 children, 7/29 adults | London, England |
| Hartshorne118 | 1999 | 7,029: 76.1% black, 10.9% Caucasian, 6.7% Indian, 6.1% colored (mixed race) | 0.7% black, 0.1% Caucasian, 0.3% Indian, 0.5% colored (mixed race) | 22/91 overall | Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Dunwell119 | 2001 | 1,000: 95.6% Afro-Caribbean, 0.8% Caucasian, 2.2% Indian, 1.4% Chinese | 22.8%* (includes PIH, melasma, solar lentigines) | 3/18 | Kingston, Jamaica |
| Sanchez120 | Published 2003 | 3,000: Latino (1,000 private practice, 2,000 hospital-based clinic) | 6% private practice, 7.5% hospital-based clinic | 7/12 private, 6/12 hospital | New York, New York |
| Arsouze121 | 2004 | 1,064: black (African, Afro-Caribbean; FST V and VI); 228 children, 836 adults | 6.1% children, 9.2% adults | 6/16 children, 2/20 adults | Paris, France |
| Alexis3 | 2004–2005 | 1,074: black and white | 19.9% of diagnoses in blacks#, not in whites | 2/14 | New York, New York |
| El-Essawi122 | Published 2007 | 401: Arab Americans (33.7% Lebanese descent) | 56.4% uneven skin tone, 55.9% skin discoloration | Top 2 skin concerns out of 10 | Detroit, Michigan |