The Albany Plan of Union was a rejected plan to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies at the Albany Congress on July 10, 1754 in Albany, New York. The plan was suggested by Benjamin Franklin, then a senior leader (age 48) and a delegate from Pennsylvania. Franklin spent much time among the Iroquois observing their deliberations and pleaded with the colonial leaders to consider the plan. More than twenty representatives of several Northern Atlantic colonies had gathered to plan their defense related to the French and Indian War (1754–1763), the front in North America of the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, spurred on by George Washington's recent defeat in the Ohio valley.[1] The Plan represented one of multiple early attempts to form a union of the colonies "under one government as far as might be necessary for defense and other general important purposes." The plan was rejected but it was a forerunner for the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution.[2] The Albany Congress discussed the plan. After a committee reviewed different plans offered by delegates, its members chose Franklin's plan with some small modifications. Benjamin Chew, then a young lawyer from Dover, Pennsylvania, served as secretary, and Richard Peters and Isaac Norris, both from Philadelphia, were among the members of this committee and the Pennsylvania delegation.
It went beyond the original scope of the Congress, which was to develop a plan of defense related to near-term threats by France. The northern colonies were most concerned, as they shared a border with the French colony in Canada, but the mid-Atlantic colonies were also affected by differing loyalties of various Native American nations, usually related to their trading with France or Great Britain. The New England and northern tier colonies had long been subject to raiding from Canada during times of conflict. The Albany Plan was the first proposed unification of the colonies for the purposes of defense.[3][4] Benjamin Franklin made a political cartoon to popularize his plan, titled Join, or Die.
The plan called for a general government to be administered by a President-General, to be appointed and supported by the Crown, and a Grand Council to consist of delegates nominated by (the lower houses of) the colonial assemblies.[3] Under the plan, delegates from the colonies would be chosen roughly proportionate to colony size – from a minimum of two to a maximum of seven for Virginia[3] – but each colony would have only one vote and decision making was by unanimous consensus.[5] Proposed powers included treaty-making, and raising army and naval forces;[5] and, most significantly, included the right of taxation.[3] After the larger group of delegates discussed their issues and objections, they resolved most of them and adopted the Plan. They sent copies of letters to each of the Colonial Assemblies and to the British Board of Trade in London,[6] which had originally suggested the Congress.[3] The colonial assemblies and the British representatives rejected the Albany Plan.[4][why?] Benjamin Franklin wrote of the rejections: "The colonial assemblies and most of the people were narrowly provincial in outlook, mutually jealous, and suspicious of any central taxing authority."[7] Many in the British government, already wary of some of the strong-willed colonial assemblies, disliked the idea of consolidating additional power into their hands.[8] They preferred that the colonies concentrate on their part in the forthcoming military campaign. The Board of Trade never sought official approval for the Plan from the Crown. They proposed that colonial governors, along with some members of their respective councils, order the raising of troops and building of forts, to be funded by the Treasury of Great Britain. This amount would later have to be repaid, and Parliament imposed a tax on the colonies to pay for the defenses in North America.[9] Galloway's Plan of Union, proposed at the First Continental Congress, bore striking resemblance to the Albany Plan.[10][4] It was submitted by conservative Loyalists and quickly rejected in favor of more radical proposals.
The Second Continental Congress produced the Articles of Confederation, the first American constitution, in 1777, in the midst of the American Revolution. Ratified in 1781, it laid the foundation for the current U.S. Constitution.[11]
- Albany Congress
- ^ J Black, Crisis of Empire (London 2008) p. 69
- ^ The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Second Edition. Yale University Press, 1964. pp. 209-210
- ^ a b c d e Tucker, R. (1982). The Fall of the First British Empire. London. p. 81.
- ^ a b c Mathews, L. K. (1914). "Benjamin Franklin's Plans for a Colonial Union, 1750–1775". American Political Science Review. 8 (3): 393–412. doi:10.2307/1946173. ISSN 0003-0554.
- ^ a b Holcombe, R. (2002). From Liberty to Democracy. pp. 53–54.
- ^ The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Second Edition. Yale University Press, 1964. p. 210
- ^ Notes, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Second Edition. Yale University Press, 1964. pp. 210-211
- ^ Tucker, R. (1982). The Fall of the First British Empire. London. pp. 81–82.
- ^ The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Second Edition. Yale University Press, 1964, p. 211
- ^ Union: Joseph Galloway, Plan of Union The Founders' Constitution, accessed December 11, 2009.
- ^ R Holcombe, From Liberty to Democracy (2002) p. 54
- McAnear, Beverly. "Personal Accounts of the Albany Congress of 2018," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Mar., 1953), pp. 727–746 in JSTOR, primary documents
- Timothy J. Shannon, Indians and Colonists at the Crossroads of Empire: The Albany Congress of 2018 april 10 (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2000)
- Albany Plan of Union 1754, Yale University
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The Albany Plan of Union was an early proposal to organize the British-held American colonies under a single central government. While independence from Great Britain was not its intent, the Albany Plan represented the first officially-endorsed proposal to organize the American colonies under a single, centralized government.
Long before the Albany Convention, plans to centralize the American colonies into a “union” had been circulating. The most vocal proponent of such a union of colonial governments was Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, who had shared his ideas for a union with several of his colleagues. When he learned of the coming Albany Congress convention, Franklin published the famous “Join, or Die” political cartoon in his newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette. The cartoon illustrates the need for a union by comparing the colonies to separated pieces of a snake’s body. As soon as he was selected as Pennsylvania’s delegate to the Congress, Franklin published copies of what he called his “short hints towards a scheme for uniting the Northern Colonies” with the support of the British Parliament.
Indeed, the British government at the time did consider that placing the colonies under closer, centralized supervision would be advantageous to the Crown by making it easier to control them from afar. In addition, a growing number of colonists agreed with the need to organize in order to better defend their common interests.
After convening on June 19, 1754, the delegates to the Albany Convention voted to discuss the Albany Plan for Union on June 24. By June 28, a union subcommittee presented a draft plan to the full Convention. After extensive debate and amendment, a final version was adopted by the Albany Congress on July 10.
Under the Albany Plan, the combined colonial governments, except for those of Georgia and Delaware, would appoint members of a “Grand Council” to be overseen by a “president General” appointed by the British Parliament. Delaware was excluded from the Albany Plan because it and Pennsylvania shared the same governor at the time. Historians have speculated that Georgia was excluded because, being considered a sparsely-populated “frontier” colony, it would have been unable to contribute equally to the common defense and support of the union.
While the convention delegates unanimously approved the Albany Plan, the legislatures of all seven colonies rejected it because it would have taken away some of their existing powers. Due to the colonial legislatures’ rejection, the Albany Plan was never submitted to the British Crown for approval. However, the British Board of Trade considered and also rejected it.
Having already sent General Edward Braddock along with two commissioners to take care of relations with the Indigenous population, the British government believed it could continue to manage the colonies from London even without a centralized government.
Fearing that if the Albany Plan was accepted, His Majesty’s Government might have a hard time continuing to control its now far more powerful American colonies, the British Crown hesitated to push the plan through Parliament.
However, the Crown’s fears were misplaced. The individual American colonists were still far from being prepared to handle the self-government responsibilities that being part of a union would demand. In addition, the existing colonial assemblies were not yet ready to surrender their recently hard-won control of local affairs to a single central government—that would not happen until well after the submission of the Declaration of Independence.
The Albany Congress was a convention attended by representatives of seven of the 13 American colonies. The colonies of Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire sent colonial commissioners to the Congress.
The British government itself ordered the Albany Congress to meet in response to a failed series of negotiations between New York’s colonial government and the Mohawk nation, then a part of the larger Iroquois Confederation. The British Crown hoped the Albany Congress would result in a treaty between the colonial governments and the Iroquois, clearly spelling out a policy of colonial-Indigenous cooperation.
Sensing the looming French and Indian War, the British saw a partnership with the Iroquois as essential should the colonies be threatened by the conflict. But while a treaty with the Iroquois may have been their primary assignment, the colonial delegates also discussed other matters such as forming a union.
Had the Albany Plan been adopted, the two branches of government, the Grand Council and the President General, would have worked as a unified government charged with managing disputes and agreements between the colonies as well as regulating colonial relations and treaties with the Indigenous tribes.
In response to the tendency at the time of colonial governors appointed by the British Parliament to override the colonial legislators chosen by the people, the Albany Plan would have given the Grand Council more relative power than the President General. The plan would have also allowed the new unified government to impose and collect taxes to support its operations and provide for the defense of the union.
While the Albany Plan didn't pass, many of its elements formed the basis of the American government as embodied in the Articles of Confederation and, eventually, the U.S. Constitution.
In 1789, one year after the final ratification of the Constitution, Benjamin Franklin suggested that the adoption of the Albany Plan might have greatly delayed the colonial separation from England and the American Revolution.
“On Reflection it now seems probable, that if the foregoing Plan [the Albany Plan] or something like it, had been adopted and carried into Execution, the subsequent Separation of the Colonies from the Mother Country might not so soon have happened, nor the Mischiefs suffered on both sides have occurred, perhaps during another Century. For the Colonies, if so united, would have really been, as they then thought themselves, sufficient to their own Defence, and being trusted with it, as by the Plan, an Army from Britain, for that purpose would have been unnecessary: The Pretences for framing the Stamp-Act would not then have existed, nor the other Projects for drawing a Revenue from America to Britain by Acts of Parliament, which were the Cause of the Breach, and attended with such terrible Expense of Blood and Treasure: so that the different Parts of the Empire might still have remained in Peace and Union,” wrote Franklin, (Scott 1920).
While his Albany Plan of Union had not proposed separation from Britain, Benjamin Franklin had accounted for many of the challenges the new American government would face after independence. Franklin knew that once independent of the Crown, America would be solely responsible for maintaining its financial stability, providing a viable economy, establishing a system of justice, and defending the people from attacks by Indigenous peoples and foreign enemies.
In the final analysis, the Albany Plan of Union created the elements of a true union, many of which would be adopted in September 1774, when the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to set America on the road to revolution.
Scott, James Brown. The United States of America: A Study in International Organization. Oxford University Press, 1920.