1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. ed. 4, rev. American Psychiatric Association; Washington, DC: 1994. [Google Scholar]
2. Bruch MA, Heimberg RG. Differences in perceptions of parental and personal characteristics between generalized_and_nongeneralized social phobics. J Anxiety Disord. 1994;8(2):155–168. [Google Scholar]
3. Barrett PM, Rapee RM, Dadds MM, Ryan SM. Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children. J Abnorm Child Psych. 1996;24:187–203. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4. Ost LG. Ways of acquiring phobias and outcome of behavioral treatments. Behav Res Ther. 1985;23(6):683–689. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5. Beidel DC, Turner SM, Morris TL. Psychopathology of Childhood Social Phobia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:643–650. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6. Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Biederman J, Henin A, Faraone SV, Davis S, Harrington K, Rosenbaum JF. Behavioral Inhibition in Preschool Children At Risk Is a Specific Predictor of Middle Childhood Social Anxiety: A Five year Follow-up. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007;28:225–233. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7. Chavira DA, Stein MB. Combined Psychoeducation and Treatment with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for Youth with Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder. J Child Adol Psychop. 2002;12:47–54. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8. Van Ameringen M, Oakman J, Mancini C, Pipe B, Chung H. Predictors of response in generalized social phobia: effect of age of onset. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;24:42–48. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9. Fordham K, Stevenson-Hinde J. Shyness, friendship quality, and adjustment during middle childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999;40:757–768. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10. Hofmann S, Albano AM, Heimberg RG, Tracey S, Chorpita B, Barlow DH. Subtypes of social phobia in adolescents. Depress Anxiety. 1999;9:15–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11. Beidel DC, Turner SM, Young BJ, Ammerman RT, Sallee FR, Crosby L. Psychopathology of Adolescent Social Phobia. J Psychopathol Behav. 2007;29:47–54. [Google Scholar]
12. Busch B, Biederman J, Cohen LG, Sayer, Julie M, Monuteaux MC, Mick E, Zallen B, Faraone SV. Correlates of ADHD among children in pediatric and psychiatric clinics. Psychiatr Serv. 2002;53:1103–1111. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13. Costello EJ, Angold A. Epidemiology. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. 1995:109–124. [Google Scholar]
14. Chavira DA, Stein MB, Bailey K, Stein MT. Child Anxiety in Primary Care Prevalent but Untreated. Depress Anxiety. 2004;20:155–164. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15. Essau CA, Conradt J, Petermann F. Frequency of comorbidity of social phobia and social fears in adolescents. Behav Res Ther. 1999;37:831–843. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. Wittchen H-U, Nelson CB, Lachner G. Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med. 1998;28:109–126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17. Wittchen H-U, Stein MB, Kessler RC. Social fears and social phobia in a community sample of adolescents and young adults: prevalence, risk factors and co-morbidity. Psychol Med. 1999;29:309–323. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18. Hammerness P, Harpold T, Petty C, Menard C, Zar-Kessler C, Biederman J. Characterizing non-OCD anxiety disorders in psychiatrically referred children and adolescents. J Affect Disorders. 2008;105:213–219. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19. Kendall PC, Warman MJ. Anxiety disorders in youth: diagnostic consistency across DSM-III-R and DSM-IV. J Anxiety Disord. 1997;10:453–463. [Google Scholar]
20. Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A. Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:837–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21. Davidson JR, Hughes DL, George LK, Blazer DG. The epidemiology of social phobia: Findings from the Duke Epidemiological Catchment Area Study. Psychol Med. 1993;23:709–718. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22. Schneier FR, Johnson J, Hornig CD, et al. Social phobia: comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiological sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:282–288. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23. Stein MB, Fuetsch M, Muller N, Hofler M, Lieb R, Wittchen H-U. Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:251–256. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24. Chavira DA, Stein MB. Childhood Social Anxiety Disorder: From Understanding to Treatment. Child Adol Psych Cl. 2005;14(4):797–818. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
25. Stein MB, Walker JR. Triumph Over Shyness: Conquering Shyness and Social Anxiety. McGraw Hill; New York: 2001. [Google Scholar]
26. Zimbardo PG. Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. Reading. Addison-Wesley; Mass.: 1977. [Google Scholar]
27. Prior M, Smart D, Sanson A, et al. Does shy-inhibited temperament in childhood lead to anxiety problems in adolescence? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:461–468. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28. Schwartz CE, Snidman N, Kagan J. Adolescent Social Anxiety as an Outcome of Inhibited Temperament in Childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29. Caspi A, Silva PA. Temperamental Qualities at Age Three Predict Personality Traits in Young Adulthood: Longitudinal Evidence from Birth Cohort. Child Dev. 1995;66:486–498. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30. Sharp WG. Selective mutism and anxiety: A review of the current conceptualization of the disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21:568–579. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
31. Chavira DA. Anxiety: From fears and worries to anxiety disorder. In: Rudolph, Lister, Gershon, First, Rudolph, editors. Rudolph's Pediatrics. 22nd edition. accepted. [Google Scholar]
32. Dummit ESI, Klein RG, Tancer NK, et al. Systematic assessment of 50 children with selective mutism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:653–660. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
33. Black B, Uhde TW. Psychiatric characteristics of children with selective mutism: a pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:847–856. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
34. Steinhausen HC, Juzi C. Elective mutism: an analysis of 100 cases. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35:606–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
35. Kumpulainen K, Rasanen E, Raaska H, Somppi V. Selective mutism among second-graders in elementary school. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;7:24–29. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
36. Kristensen H, Torgersen S. MCMI-II personality traits and symptom traits in parents of children with selective mutism: a case-control study. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001;110:648–652. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
37. Chavira DA, Shipon-Blum E, Hitchcock C, Cohan S, Stein MB. Selective mutism and social anxiety disorder: All in the family? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:1464–1472. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38. Garcia A, Freeman J, Francis G, Miller LM, Leonard HL. Selective Mutism. In: Ollendick T, editor. Phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A clinician's guide to effective psychological and pharmacological interventions. Oxford University Press; London: 2004. pp. 433–455. [Google Scholar]
39. Sharp WG, Sherman C, Gross AM. Selective mutism and anxiety: A review of the current conceptualization of the disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2007:568–579. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
40. Bergman RL, Piacentini J. Selective Mutism. In: Sadock B, Saddock V, editors. Comprehensive Textbook of Pyschiatry. 8thed. Williams & Wilkins Press; Baltimore: 2002. [Google Scholar]
41. Black B, Uhde T. Treatment of elective mutism with fluoxtine: A double-blind, pacebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994;33:1000–1006. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
42. Carlson JS, Kratochwill TR, Johnston H. Sertraline treatment of 5 children diagnosed with selective mutism: an open trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;9(4):293–306. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
43. Dummit ES, Klein RG, Tancer NK, Asche B. Fluoxetine treatment of children with selective mutism: An open trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35:615–621. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
44. Research Unit on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Anxiety Study Group Fluvoxamine for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. New Engl J Med. 2001;344:1279–1285. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
45. Yeganeh R, Beidel DC, Turner SM, Pina AA, Silverman WK. Clinical distinctions between selective mutism and social phobia: an investigation of childhood psychopathology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:1069–1075. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
46. Manassis K, Fung D, Tannock R, Sloman L, Fiksenbaum L, McInnes A. Characterizing selective mutism: Is it more than social anxiety? Depress Anxiety. 2003;18:153–61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
47. Remschmidt H, Poller M, Herpertz-Dahiman B, Hannighausen K, Gutencruner C. A follow-up study of 45 patients with elective mutism. Eur Arch Psy Clin N. 2001;251:284–296. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
48. Ford MA, Sladesczek IE, Carlson J, Krochwell TR. Selective mutism: Phenomenological characteristics. School Psychol Quart. 1998;13:192–227. [Google Scholar]
49. Bergman RL, Piacentini J, McKracken JT. Prevalence and description of selective mutism in a school-based sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:938–946. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
50. Beidel DC, Turner SM. A New Inventory to Assess Childhood Social Anxiety and Phobia: the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children. Psychol Assessment. 1995;7:73–79. [Google Scholar]
51. La Greca AM, Stone WL. Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised: Factor structure and concurrent validity. J Clin Child Psychol. 1993;22:17–27. [Google Scholar]
52. March JS, Parker JDA, Sullivan K, Stallings P, et al. The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:554–565. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
53. Muris P, Merckelbach H, Schmidt H, Mayer B. The revised version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-R): Factor structure in normal children. Pers Indiv Differ. 1999;26:99–112. [Google Scholar]
54. Spence SH. Social skills training: enhancing social competence with children and adolescents. NFER-Nelson; Windsor: 1995. The social worries questionnaire. [Google Scholar]
55. Reynolds CR, Richmond BO. Factor structure and construct validity of “What I Think and Feel.” The revised Chidren's Manifest Anxiety Scale. J Pers Assess. 1978;43:281–283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
56. Ollendick TH. Reliability and validity of the Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC-R) Behav Res Therapy. 1983;21:685–692. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
57. Masia-Warner C, Storch EA, Pincus DB, Klein RG, Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR. The Liebowitz social anxiety scale for children and adolescents: an initial psychometric investigation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:1076–84. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
58. Safren SA, Heimberg RG, Horner KJ, Juster HR, Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR. Factor structure of social fears: the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. J. Anxiety Disord. 1999;13:253–270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
59. Storch EA, Masia-Warner C, Heidgerken AD, Fisher PH, Pincus DB, Leibowitz MR. Factor Structure of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents. Child Psychiat Hum D. 2006;37:25–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
60. Silverman WK, Saavedra LM, Pina AA. Test-Retest Reliability of Anxiety Symptoms and Diagnoses with the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child and Parent Versions. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40:8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
61. Lyneham HJ, Abbott MJ, Rapee RM. Interrater reliability of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: child and parent version. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(6):731–736. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
62. Compton SN, Grant PJ, Chrisman AK, Gammon PJ, Brown VL, March JS. Sertraline in children and adolescents with social anxiety disorder: An open trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(5):564–571. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
63. Mancini C, Van Ameringen M, Oakman JM, Farvolden P. Serotonergic agents in the treatment of social phobia in children and adolescents: a case series. Depress Anxiety. 1999;10:33–39. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
64. Wagner KD, Berard R, Stein MB, Wetherhold E, Carpenter DJ, Perera P, Gee M, Davy K, Machin A. A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled trial of Paroxetine in Children and Adolescents with Social Anxiety Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiat. 2004;61:1153–1162. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
65. Gibbons RD, Hur K, Bhaumik DK, et al. The relationship between antidepressant prescription rates and rate of early adolescent suicide. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1898–1904. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
66. Gibbons RD, Brown CH, Hur K, et al. Early evidence on the effects of regulators' suicidality warnings on SSRI prescriptions and suicide in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1356–1363. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
67. Hamilton BE, Minino AM, Martin JA, et al. Annual summary of vital statistics: 2005. Pediatrics. 2007;119:345–360. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
68. Cheung A, Sacks D, Dewa CS, Pong J, Levitt A. Pediatric Prescribing Practice and the FDA Black-box Warning on Antidepressants. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2008;29:213–215. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
69. Birmaher B, Waterman G, Scott R, Neal C, Marlane, et al. Fluoxetine for childhood anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994;33(7):993–999. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
70. Fairbanks JM, Pine DS, Tancer NK, Dummit ES, 3rd, Kentgen LM, Martin J, Asche BK, Klein RG. Open fluoxetine treatment of mixed anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmaco. 1997;7(1):17–29. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
71. Clark DB, Birmaher B, Axelson D, Monk K, Kalas C, Ehmann M, Bridge J, Wood S, Muthen B, Brent D. Fluoxetine for the Treatment of Childhood Anxiety Disorders: Open-Label, Long-Term Extension to a Controlled Trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44(12):1263–1270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
72. March JS, Entusah AR, Rynn M, Albano AM, Tourian KA. A randomized controlled trial of venlafaxine ER versus placebo in pediatric social anxiety disorder. Biol Psychol. 2007;62(10):1149–1154. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
73. Albano AM, Marten PA, Holt CS, Heimberg RG, Barlow DH. Cognitive-behavioral group treatment for social phobia in adolescents. A preliminary study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183(10):649–656. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
74. Spence SH, Donocan C, Brechman-Toussaint M. The Treatment of Childhood Social Phobia: The Effectiveness of a Social Skills Training-based, Cognitive-behavioural Intervention, with and without Parental Involvement. J Child Psychol Psyc. 2000;41:713–726. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
75. Kendall PC, Flannery-Schroeder EC, Panichelli-Mindel S, Southam-Gerow M, Henin A, Warman M. Therapy for youths with anxiety disorders: A second randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psych. 1997;65:366–380. 1997. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
76. Kendall PC, Stafford S, Flannery-Schroeder E, Webb A. Child Anxiety Treatment: Outcomes in Adolescence and Impact on Substance Use and Depression at 7.4 Year Follow-Up. J Consult Clin Psych. 2004;72:276–287. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Page 2
Social Anxiety Disorder/Social Anxiety Measures- self and parent report
| The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C; 50) | Somatic, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms of social anxiety disorder across a range of social situations and settings. | 26 items | Pros: Assesses the specific construct of Social Phobia. Good psychometric properties and discriminant validity. Cons: Length. Scoring can be difficult. |
| The Social Anxiety Scale for Children-revised (SASC-R) and the SAS-A for adolescents (51) | Three factors: (a) Fear of Negative Evaluation,; (b) Social Avoidance and Distress-New (i.e., new situations or unfamiliar peers); and (c) Social Avoidance and Distress-General (generalized or pervasive social distress/discomfort). | 22 items for children 18 items for adolescents | Pros: Good psychometric properties and discriminant validity. Brief and easy to score. Useful in measuring continuum of social interactional anxiety. Cons: Not developed to specifically assess symptoms of DSM based social anxiety disorder. |
| Social Worries Questionnaire (SWQ; 54) | Assesses social fears and socially anxious behaviors. | 10 items | Pros: Brief. Easy to score. May be useful as a screening instrument for social anxiety disorder (Bailey et al.). Cons: Limited psychometric evaluation. |