Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle believed that the motion of a body is caused by something external and even to stop that motion, something external is required. We have given this something special a name: Force. We all have heard this word somewhere. In fact, it is so commonly used that we use in conversing in everyday life. In physics, we say that pushing or pulling requires force. When we are pushing a body we are applying force away from ourselves, and when we are pulling a body we are applying force towards ourselves. Not only us, but even non-living things also exert forces. Earth, for instance, exerts a gravitational force on all the objects present on Earth. Roughly we can say that force is an interaction between two objects. Note that this is not the exact definition of force. The SI unit of force is Newton, and force is a vector quantity, i.e. it has both magnitude and direction. Types of forces:In our day-to-day life, we observe various types of forces around us. Some of these common types of forces are:
A video describing the nature and importance of the friction force is given below.
 To learn more about different types of forces in details, download BYJU’S- The Learning App. A force is usually defined as an influence that can alter the motion of a body. A force can cause a body with mass to alter its velocity. Weight is the measure of the force of gravity acting on a body. The formula for weight is given by: w = mg Friction is the force that opposes the rolling or sliding of one solid body over another. This law is a quantitative explanation of the changes that a force can generate in a body’s motion. The second law states that when a body encounters a force, the time rate of change of the body’s momentum is equivalent to the force. The momentum of an object is the product of the object’s mass and velocity. Torque is the rotational analogue of linear force. Depending on the topic, it is also termed the moment of force, the turning effect, or the rotational force.
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From the fields of QED and quantum chromodynamics, or QCD, the field of physics that describes the interactions between subatomic particles and nuclear forces, we see that many of the forces are transmitted by objects exchanging particles called gauge particles or gauge bosons. These objects can be quarks, protons, electrons, atoms, magnets or even planets. So, how does exchanging particles transmit a force? Consider two ice skaters standing at some distance apart. If one skater throws a ball to the other, the skaters will move farther away from each other. Forces work in a similar way. Physicists have isolated the gauge particles for most of the forces. The strong force uses pions and another particle called a gluon. The weak force uses W and Z bosons. The electromagnetic force uses photons. Gravity is thought to be conveyed by a particle called a graviton; however, gravitons haven't been found yet. Some of the gauge particles associated with the nuclear forces have mass, while others don't (electromagnetism, gravity). Because electromagnetic force and gravity can operate over huge distances like light-years, their gauge particles must be able to travel at the speed of light, perhaps even faster for gravitons. Physicists don't know how gravity is transmitted. But according to Einstein's theory of special relativity, no object with mass can travel at the speed of light, so it makes sense that photons and gravitons are mass-less gauge particles. In fact, physicists have firmly established that photons have no mass. Which force is the mightiest of them all? That would be the strong nuclear force. However, it acts only over a short range, approximately the size of a nucleus. The weak nuclear force is one-millionth as strong as the strong nuclear force and has an even shorter range, less than a proton's diameter. The electromagnetic force is about 0.7 percent as strong as the strong nuclear force, but has an infinite range because photons carrying the electromagnetic force travel at the speed of light. Finally, gravity is the weakest force at about 6 x 10-29 times that of the strong nuclear force. Gravity, however, has an infinite range. Physicists are currently pursuing the ideas that the four fundamental forces may be related and that they sprang from one force early in the universe. The idea isn't unprecedented. We once thought of electricity and magnetism as separate entities, but the work of Oersted, Faraday, Maxwell and others showed that they were related. Theories that relate the fundamental forces and subatomic particles are called fittingly grand unified theories. More on them next. Science & Exploration
There are four forces of nature. Two are familiar to everyone; two are less so. First, gravity is the force that pulls us to the surface of the Earth, keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun and causes the formation of planets, stars and galaxies.
Second, electromagnetism is the force responsible for the way matter generates and responds to electricity and magnetism. We make ample use of it in almost all our household appliances. Next come the less familiar forces. Both act only inside the nuclei of atoms. The Strong Nuclear Force binds the nucleus of an atom together. The Weak Nuclear Force is responsible for certain kinds of radioactive decay. For example, the kind of decay measured by archaeologists when they perform radiocarbon dating. All the forces except gravity are explained using quantum theory. This means that the forces are carried by tiny particles. In fact, electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force have been shown to be different facets of the same fundamental force, and many scientists believe that the strong force can be unified with this electroweak force, too. But, what about gravity? Gravity is best explained using Albert Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, which is not a quantum theory. Instead, it imagines that gravity is generated when matter distorts space, like a heavy object would stretch a rubber sheet. Smaller objects then 'roll' downwards, towards the larger object. Many scientists are working to formulate a quantum theory of gravity, in which gravity is carried by small particles called 'gravitons'. One approach is known as M-theory, which treats particles as if they were tiny knots or vibrations in pieces of minuscule 'string'. This work shows the most promise for one day finding a theory that can explain all the Universe's forces at once. Experiments in space are crucial for providing the theorists with high-quality data. |
What is the nature of the cause of force?
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